12/15/2023 0 Comments Best taurineHypotaurine is then oxidized to taurine as described above. The cystathionine is then converted to hypotaurine by the sequential action of three enzymes: cystathionine gamma-lyase, cysteine dioxygenase, and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. Taurine is also produced by the transsulfuration pathway, which converts homocysteine into cystathionine. Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. Taurine is naturally derived from cysteine. In the laboratory, taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts. Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tonnes. As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine. In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tonnes of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. The sulfonic acid has a low p K a ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. Taurine exists as a zwitterion H 3N +CH 2CH 2SO − 3, as verified by X-ray crystallography. It is an unusual example of a naturally occurring sulfonic acid. Taurine concentrations in land plants are very low or undetectable, but up to 1000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae. It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds. Taurine is named after Latin taurus ( cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. During the summer months products may arrive warm but Amazon stores and ships products in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations, when provided.Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. No Artificial Color, Flavor or Sweetener, No Preservatives, No Sugar, No Starch, No Corn, No Soy, No Egg, No Lactose, No Gluten, No Wheat, No Yeast, No Fish, No Sodium. Studies show that taking this supplement two hours prior to exercise improves the performance of trained athletes. TAURINE FOR PRE-WORKOUT - Taurine is effective at increasing exercise capacity. Taurine deficiency can lead to impaired vision and macular degeneration, so supplementation is excellent for eye health. TAURINE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH - Taurine supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy blood flow throughout the body. GABA is one of the major compounds that can lead to positive increases in mood. TAURINE FOR NERVOUS SYSTEM HEALTH - Taurine improves mood by acting as a neuromodulator, supplementing the transmission of GABA.
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